DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF VENOUS ECZEMA

autonomous information. The parasympathetic innervation bypasses the spinalcord via the vagal nerve originating from the brainstem. Longitudinally orientedspinal tracts (white matter) surround central areas (gray matter) where neuronalThe cell bodies of themotoneurons are locatedin the gray m[r]

tudinal study on low back pain in primary school children. Eur Spine J 11:459–6489. Thiehoff R (2002) Economic significance of work disability caused by musculoskeletal dis-orders. Orthopäde 31:949–5690. Underwood MR (1998) Crisis: What crisis? Eur Spine J 7:2–591. van der Roer N, Boos N, van[r]

32. Engel GL (1977) The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science196:129–3633. Fey SG, Fordyce WE (1983) Behavioral rehabilitation of the chronic pain patient. Annu RevRehabil 3:32–6334. Fillingim RB, Hastie BA, Ness TJ, Glover TL, Campbell CM, Staud R (2005) Sex-rela[r]

many, musculoskeletal disorders are the most expensive form of work disabilityfor companies and cause almost 27% of all production downtime due to sickleave from work. Estimates of direct and indirect annual costs of musculoskeletaldisorders add up to approx[r]

as the factors that might predict a good outcome, depend on how success isdefined [3, 73]. The success of outcome is likely best considered in relation to thepredominant aim of the surgery. Hence, for decompression surgery for a herni-ated disc or spinal stenosis, the most important ou[r]

77. StaerkleR,MannionAF,ElferingA,JungeA,SemmerNK,JacobshagenN,GrobD,DvorakJ, Boos N (2004) Longitudinal validation of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ)in a Swiss-German sample of low back pain patients. Eur Spine J 13 4:332–34078. Stärkle R, Mannion AF, Junge A, Elfering[r]

105. Panagiotacopulos ND, Knauss WG, Bloch R (1979) On the mechanical properties of humanintervertebral disc material. Biorheology 16:317–330106. Panjabi M, Abumi K, Duranceau J, Oxland T (1989) Spinal stability and intersegmentalmuscle forces. A biomechanical model. Spine 14:194–20010[r]

nucleus and anulus. Finally, at advanced age (50–70 years) tissue alterationsbecome most severe. Huge clusters o f proliferating cells are observed near cleftsand tears that are filled with granular material. In individuals older than 70 years,thestructuralabnormalitieschangemoretoscar-liketi[r]

neuron types withinthe dorsal hornWithin the dorsal horn three distinct types of neurons can be identifiedaccording to the type of afferents and their response pattern to nociceptive input[78]:nociceptive-specific (SN) neuronsmultireceptorial or wide-dynamic range (WDR) neuronsn[r]

during inflammation leads to a protein kinase A-dependentphosphorylation which inhibits the glycine receptors. Dorsal horn neurons arerelieved from the glycinergic neurotransmission [1, 46]. Furthermore, partialnerve injury has been shown to decrease dorsal horn levels of the GABA synthe-sizi[r]

sagittal profile because of the high individual variability [3]. A thoracic kyphosisof 20–60 degrees is usually regarded as normal [3]. The definition of normallumbar or cervical lordosis is even more controversial. The normal range in theliterature for cervical lordosis (C2–7) ranges[r]

46. Jeanneret B (1996) Posterior rod system of the cervical spine: a new implant allowing opti-mal screw insertion. Eur Spine J 5:350–35647. Jost B, Cripton PA, Lund T, Oxland TR, Lippuner K, Jaeger P, Nolte LP (1998) Compressivestrength of interbody cages in the lumbar spine: the effe[r]

nerves innervating the joint by mediators from the joint fluid [41].Therefore, the rationale for SI joint blocks is to support the clinical diagnosisof an SI joint pathology.IndicationsIndications for sacroiliac joint blocks include the diagnostic work-up for patientswith low back and buttock[r]

by contrast agentadministrationapplied in the epidural space. Employing contrast agents, the specialist may doc-ument whether the drug has reached the potential pain generator. Patients areasked to rate their pain before and after the procedure on a visual analogue scale.However, the steroid[r]

server and intraobserver variability in interpretation of lumbar disc abnormalities. Acomparison of two nomenclatures. Spine 20:1257 –1263The most common disagreement was for normal versus bulge. Herniation was read in23% of the asymptomatic subjects. Experienced readers[r]

clide imaging in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome. Spine 21:2251–4110. Smith BM, Hurwitz EL, Solsberg D, Rubinstein D, Corenman DS, Dwyer AP, Kleiner J(1998) Interobserver reliability of detecting lumbar intervertebral disc high-intensity zoneon magnetic resonance imag[r]

Routinely Used MR Sequences for the Assessment of the SpineStandard MR sequencesare sufficient for mostindicationsStandard T1 (weighted = W) and T2 W spin-echo sequences are the basis ofimaging in the spine (Fig. 1). T1 W and T2 W sagittal sequences, as well as axialT2 W sequenc[r]

Saunders Company, 88–10614. Grob D, Frauenfelder H, Mannion AF (2007) The association between cervical spine curva-ture and neck pain. Eur Spine J 16:669–67815. Hart LG, Deyo RA, Cherkin DC (1995) Physician office visits for low back pain. Frequency,clinical evaluation, and treatmen[r]

fluorodeoxyglu-cose). Doses of between 200 and 600 MBq of18FDG are intravenously injected.Scanning starts after a delay of 30–40 min [40]. This method demonstrates areasof increased glucose metabolism which typically are present in tumors and infec-tion. PET can provide i[r]

Recapitulation 570KeyArticles 571References 57321 Non-specific Low Back PainFlorian Brunner, Sherri Weiser,Annina Schmid, Margareta NordinCoreMessages 585Epidemiology 585CaseIntroduction 586ClassificationofBackPain 587PathogenesisofNSLBP 587Patient Assessment and Triage for Non-operativeTreat[r]