THE CIRCUITRY OF THE HUMAN SPINAL CORD ITS ROLE IN MOTOR CONTROL AND MOVEMENT DISORDERS

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76 Suppl 2:41–4621. Hausmann O, Min K, Boni Th, Erni Th, Dietz V, Curt A (2003) SSEP analysis in surgery ofidiopathic scoliosis: the influence of spine deformity and surgical approach. Eur Spine J12:117–123Neurophysiological Investigations Chapter 12 33522. Hiersemenzel[r]

Schwarzenberg, Baltimore, Munich114. Sobottke R, Horch C, Lohmann U, Meindl R, Muhr G (2006) The spontaneous spinal epidu-ral haematoma. Unfallchirurg Nov 23115. Suzuki E, Nakamura H, Konishi S, Yamano Y (2002) Analysis of the spastic gait caused bycervical compression myelopathy. J Spinal Disord Te[r]

Chapter 133. Tetanus (Part 2) Pathogenesis Contamination of wounds with spores of C. tetani is probably a frequent occurrence. Germination and toxin production, however, take place only in wounds with low oxidation-reduction potential, such as those with devitalized tissue, foreign bodies, or activ[r]

Chapter 012. Pain: Pathophysiology and Management (Part 4) Pain transmission and modulatory pathways. A. Transmission system for nociceptive messages. Noxious stimuli activate the sensitive peripheral ending of the primary afferent nociceptor by the process of transduction. The message is then tran[r]

ponents and postoperative infection in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Chest 119:1461–146843. Lee L, et al. (2000) Postoperative visual loss. ASA Annual Meeting 2000: A209244. Maguire J, Wallace S, Madiga R, et al. (1995) Evaluation of intrapedicular screw positionusing intraoperative evoked el[r]

SomatosensoryEvokedPotentials 326Motor Evoked Potentials (TranscranialMagneticStimulation) 328IntraoperativeNeuromonitoring 329Role of Neurophysiology in Specific Disorders 330SpinalCordInjury 330Cervical/LumbarRadiculopathy 330CervicalMyelopathy 331LumbarSpinalCanalStenosis 331NeurophysiologyinDiff[r]

of Aδ fibers (Simpson et al., 2008). The overall effect of this would be to safeguardsensory-discriminative information that could direct motivational behaviors and, atthe same time, filter out those components of the pain signal that are less relevantto emergency situations. The thalamus contributes[r]

Chapter 016. Back and Neck Pain (Part 15) Other Causes of Neck Pain Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (Chap. 314) of the cervical apophyseal joints produces neck pain, stiffness, and limitation of motion. In advanced RA, synovitis of the atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2; Fig. 16-2) may damage the transverse ligam[r]

The world business is becoming more and more complicated as technology is in its age of development and changing at a rapid pace. It seems that technology is reducing the role of people. However, this could be true in the production era only. Today, there are a lot more of new types of business wher[r]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is probably not a monogenic disease, and may be causedby a deregulation of the immune system, with more or less specificity for severalmyelin constituents, proteins or lipids. In general, multiple sclerosis begins in earlyadulthood and has two phases. There is a relapsing-remi[r]

44ethnically matched neurologically normal controls and are a pivotal source of RNA for gene expression profiling in ALS. Brain and spinal cord represent the tissues that are most susceptible to the underlying neurodegenerative disease process. However, there are a number of limitations that should[r]

d the vehicle speed, and actuates the motorInertia Compensation ControlImproves the starting movement of the motor when the driver starts to turn the steering wheelRecovery ControlDuring the short interval between the time the driver fully turns the steering wheel and the wheels try to recover, this[r]

d the vehicle speed, and actuates the motorInertia Compensation ControlImproves the starting movement of the motor when the driver starts to turn the steering wheelRecovery ControlDuring the short interval between the time the driver fully turns the steering wheel and the wheels try to recover, this[r]

motion. The PTV provided a margin around integrated CTV to compensate for the variability of treatment set-up. Organs-at-Risk were defined as follows: the skin surface, the unspecified tissue (the tissue within the skin surface and outside all other critical normal structures and PTVs was designated[r]

posterior fixation is advocated in three and more level fusion to decrease thenon-union rate [180] (Case Study 1).Fusion with CagesOne drawback of the conventional fusion (Smith-Robinson or Cloward) tech-niques could not be overcome by plating, i.e. bone graft donor side pain. Persis-Bone graft dono[r]

Chapter 024. Gait and Balance Disorders (Part 3) Parkinsonism and Freezing Gait Parkinson's disease (Chap. 366) is common, affecting 1% of the population >55. The stooped posture and shuffling gait are characteristic and distinctive features. Patients sometimes accelerate (festinate) with wa[r]

Chapter 106. Plasma Cell Disorders (Part 4) Bone pain is the most common symptom in myeloma, affecting nearly 70% of patients. The pain usually involves the back and ribs, and unlike the pain of metastatic carcinoma, which often is worse at night, the pain of myeloma is precipitated by movement. Pe[r]

now know that there is damage to neurons and their axons too, and that this occurs both within these discrete patches and in tissue between them. The cause of MS remains unknown, but an autoimmune reaction against oligodendrocytes and myelin is generally assumed to play a major role and early acute[r]

Chapter 097. Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes (Part 6) Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis and Focal Encephalitis The term encephalomyelitis describes an inflammatory process with multifocal involvement of the nervous system, including brain, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. It is often ass[r]

or the cervical region enclosed in a skin covered back mass [5, 39]. The spinalcord is low lying and tethered [5]. The subcutaneous fat lines the cyst but doesnot extend into the sac or the cord.Malformations of the Spinal Cord Chapter 29 805The inner terminal cyst communicates with the central cana[r]