LOW POWER DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

4.1. Simulation Results
For simulation purposes, networks of 100 nodes are consid- ered. The simulator is a program written in C that creates topologies which have the same number of neighbor nodes (however, not necessarily a grid). The events of transmission attempts are closely rel[r]

The authors of the first paper “An adaptive time-spread multiple-access MAC policy for wireless sensor networks”, K. Oikonomou and I. Stavrakakis, deal with the problem of medium access control, which they attempt to tackle us- ing a time division multiple access (TDMA) p[r]

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA Email: ravi.pendse@wichita.edu
Received 15 June 2004; Revised 15 April 2005
Wireless ad hoc sensor networks differ from wireless ad hoc networks from the followin[r]

3.1 Introduction 34
As mentioned earlier, the challenge of designing IPS lies in balancing the trans- mission reliability and the overhearing probability. Due to the presence of noise, the receivers need to decide whether to stay awake based on a distorted receiving energy. If we choose the inte[r]

2.1 Bandwidth, Multiplexing and Modulation
In general, physical layer techniques in WSNs can be divided into three different classes based on bandwidth requirements: narrow band, spread spectrum and ultra-wideband (Yick et al., 2008). As the name indicates, narrow ba[r]

Fig. 4. Example of distributed detection scenario
Two problems have to be considered: the design of the decision rule at the FC and the design of the local sensor signal processing strategies. In the case of perfect knowledge of system parameters the desi[r]

A typical FSK transceiver is shown in Fig. 4. For the transmitter, the PLL directly digital mod- ulation can be adopted (Perrott et al., 1997). This technology will be described in detail in section 4.4. The data stream from baseband is shaped firstly, and then input into a PLL to gen- erate[r]

The high-efficiency PAs such as class-E are usually used in WSN transceivers, as the power consumption is the most significant specifications of WSN system.
4.6 IF circuits
The function of IF circuits includes demodulation, data decision, and clock recovery. There are two main kinds of IF[r]

Fig. 4. zNose device (zNose, 2010)
Another example of electronic noses is in detecting the human body odor. One may think that it is not that important to use an electronic device for human body odor detection. However, the argument is if we succeeded in detecting[r]

This is a modern component, low-cost, low power and it was designed specifically for wireless applications and suitable for connection control devices in the home automation.. This idea [r]

cess to the instantaneous CSI. We note here that for the CSIF case, the design of sensor decision rules does not require CSI; the CSI is only used in the fusion rule design, which is rea- sonable due to the typical generous resource constraint at the fusion center. Its co[r]

A high data rate is not typically an important concern for body area networks, as sampling frequencies of front- end sensors is typically less than 1 kHz. For example, a heart reading using ECG requires at most 12 kbps or 12 b at 1 kHz. However, for body sensor app[r]

While some network providers may own resources only at one or two neighboring layers, some large network providers own all of the layers. For the latter, it is essential to address the design of multi-layer networks.
Consider the network example depicted in Figure 2.12. The ne[r]

4. Simulation Results
The simulation setup assumes that the urban area is covered by a regular hexagonal lattice, where each non-overlapping hexagon represents the coverage area of a single AP and the hexagon side length is equal to the AP transmission range. MCs move throughout the lattice using[r]

4.4. ETX. The expected transmission count (ETX) metric
[ 17 ] was one of the first attempts to increase performance in high rate (e.g., IEEE 802.11-based) wireless mesh networks, as an alternative to the Hop count metric. ETX estimates the expected number of transmissions of a packet[r]

Chapter 4 Design of Analog Front-End IC for EEG Recordings The threshold voltage of the PMOS transistor is about 0.65V, which is too high to operate under 1V supply and may lead to malfunction of the front-end amplifier. To solve this problem, the bulks of M 3 and[r]

In the field of MAC protocol design, simulations are usually used to support the argument and proposed protocols. First, results of simulations are usually used to compare and study the benefits of the new protocol. Second, the overall performance of network can be affected by a lot of factor[r]

Most of the duty cycle MAC protocols are designed for non-cooperative Single-Out Single- In (SISO) schemes. Polastre in 2004 introduces B-MAC or Berkeley MAC (Polastre et al., 2004). The protocol is a variant of Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) with a preamble sampling mec[r]