CELL CYCLE DNA REPLICATION TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION WORKSHEET

© M. S. Shell 2009 1/12 last modified 10/27/2010 DNA, RNA, replication, translation, and transcription Overview Recall the central dogma of biology: DNA (genetic information in genes)  RNA (copies of genes)  proteins (functional molecules) DNA stru[r]

Kim B, Planelles V: The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated andRad3-related protein is dispensable for retroviral integra-tion. J Virol 2005, 79:1389-1396.30. Li L, Olvera JM, Yoder KE, Mitchell RS, Butler SL, Lieber M, Martin SL,Bushman FD: Role of the non-homologous DNA end joiningpathway in the[r]

Store and finds the longest dictionary entry which is part of that word. The appropriate contrac- tion is selected and sent to another set of storage locations - the Final Word Store - after which the remainder of the word is treated in the same way. Should no entry be found, the first[r]

The starting point for our experiments was the ideato use CSPs from different organisms in cell freeexpression systems in order to optimize the efficiencyof our combined transcription ⁄ translation system,which is based upon E. coli S-30 cell-free extracts. Inthese systems[r]

vRNA formation. Virus Res 1996, 44:23-31.2. Zheng H, Palese P, Garcia-Sastre A: Nonconserved nucleotides atthe 3' and 5' ends of an influenza A virus RNA play an impor-tant role in viral RNA replication. Virology 1996, 217:242-251.3. Palese P, Shaw ML: Orthomyxoviridae: The viruses [r]

19. Morris, T.D., Todd, J.W., Fisher, B. & Miller, L.K. (1994) Iden-tification of lef-7: a baculovirus gene affecting late gene expression.Virology 200, 360–369.20. O’Reilly, D.R., Miller, L.K. & Luckow, V.A. (1992) Baculovirusexpression vectors: a laboratory manual. J. Virol. 70, 5123[r]

finding an essential role for PB2 in transcription and rep-lication [24-26]. Host cell polypeptides may also beinvolved in the shift to genome replication [27-30], butthis is uncertain.Understanding the determinants of species tropism forinfluenza virus has never been mor[r]

within individual cells [16,36]. The replication ofmtDNA with deletion mutations does not occur at theexpense of wild-type mtDNA replication, but deletedmtDNA molecules are advantaged [37]. Additionally,treatments that enhance mtDNA replication, such asvigorous excercise, could[r]

trast, p53-null MEFs continue to proliferate without obvious cell cycle arrestor senescence-like morphology. The same immortal phenotype is seen inwild-type MEFs expressing dominant-negative p53 mutants, short interfer-ing RNA (siRNA) against p53, or the papilloma virus oncoprotein E6,[r]

insoluble forms that are often easily resolubilized indetergents and, in the presence of a range of deter-gents, in soluble form. This article gives an excellentguide to strategies for optimization of reactions withsuch challenging proteins.The next minireview by Ozawa et al. focuses on theus[r]

Literature ReviewEgress of WNV had been observed to occur predominantly at the apicalsurface of polarized Vero cells, suggesting the involvement of a microtubuledependent, polarized sorting mechanism for WNV proteins (Chu and Ng, 2002a).Previous study has shown that both E and C protei[r]

Department of Internal Medicine, Universityof Oulu, Finland*These authors contributed equally to thiswork(Received 15 September 2006, revised 16October 2006, accepted 18 October 2006)doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05544.xDNA polymerase e co-operates with polymerases a and d in the replicativeDN[r]

and eIF4B are cleaved by caspase(s) that are at leastpartially active even in the presence of z.VAD-FMK [66] itis possible that other proteases that are activated directly orindirectly by p53 are responsible [40,41]. Such alternativepathways may also operate in other systems. Whereas p53 isre[r]

Poliovirus (PV), a member of the Picornaviridae virus fam-ily, replicates its plus strand genomic RNA within replica-tion complexes contained in the cytoplasm of the infectedcell. These complexes provide a suitable environment forincreased local concentration of all the viral and cellularprot[r]

of viral RNA. EMBO J 1993, 12(9):3587-3598.18. Gamarnik AV, Andino R: Interactions of viral protein 3CD andpoly(rC) binding protein with the 5' nontranslated region ofthe poliovirus genome. J Virol 2000, 74(5):2219-2226.19. Harris K, Xiang W, Alexander L, Lane WS, Paul AV, Wimmer E:Interaction of th[r]

Drug resistance is a major challenge in cancer therapeutics. Abundant evidence indicates that DNA repair systems are enhanced after repetitive chemotherapeutic treatments, rendering cancers cells drug-resistant. Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) plays critical roles in DNA replication and repair and in cou[r]

-specific kinase whose activity is regulated by growth factors, nutrients, and cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Subsequent formation of an active CDK2/cyclin E complex results in full phosphorylation of pRB, relieving its inhibitory effects on the S-phase-re[r]

done: •a single strand of RNA has been produced.4. Genetic code from DNA is transferred to mRNA5. The code obtained from DNA lets the mRNA know which amino acids to pick up:•code is a set of 3 nitrogen bases= CodonRNADNARNApolymeraseTranscriptionAdenine (DNA and RNA)Cysto[r]

terial host cells, provided they still possess a site signaling where DNA replicationcan begin (a so-called origin of replication or ori sequence).Plasmids as Cloning Vectors The idea arose that “foreign” DNA sequences couldbe inserted into artificial plasmids and that the[r]

strand as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand,which can then serve as template in replicating the original strand.Retroviruses are an interesting group of eukaryotic viruses withsingle-stranded RNA genomes that replicate through a dsDNA in-termediate. Furthermore, the life cycle