Figure 11.18 A stagnant film. The effect of mass transfer rates on the mass transfer coefficient We still face the task of finding the mass transfer coefficient, g m,i . The most obvious way to do this would be to apply the same methods we used to find the [r]
§9.7 Forced convection boiling in tubes 499 Figure 9.19 The influence of heat flux on two-phase flow behavior. strongly affected by the mass flow rate and quality. Building a model to capture these complicated and competing trends has presented a challenge to researche[r]
Miyatake, O., Fujii, T., Fujii, M., and Tanaka, H. (1973). Natural Convective Heat Transfer be- tween Vertical Parallel Plates: One Plate with a Uniform Heat Flux and the Other Thermally Insulated, Heat Transfer Jpn. Res., 4, 25–33. Moffat, R. J.,[r]
The literature review above clearly shows that using nanofluid can effectively improve the heat convective performance, but will also increase the pipeline pressure drop and pumping energy. Using nanofluid with a high heat convective performance for heat exchange can help[r]
2.3.3 Small Biot Number (Bi << 1): Lumped Mass Approximation A small value of Bi implies either that the convective resistance 1/h, is large, or the conductive resistance L/k is small. Either of these conditions tends to reduce the temperature gradient in the material. For example t[r]
The recent study by Almoli et al. (2011) noted that previous CFD studies of data centre air flows have provided very little explanation of the way the flow through server racks are modelled. This makes it very difficult to carry out meaningful comparisons with previous CFD studies. They pr[r]
KNOWN: Thin electrical heater dissipating 4000 W/m 2 sandwiched between two 25-mm thick plates whose surfaces experience convection. FIND: (a) On T-x coordinates, sketch the steady-state temperature distribution for -L ≤ × ≤ +L; calculate values for the surfaces x = L and the mid-poi[r]
Values of these properties for various materials and surface finishes are published in heat transfer textbooks and manufacturers’ litera- ture, in addition to the ASHRAE Handbook. 1,2,4 Painted surfaces in general have high emittances, regardless of color, ranging from 0.8[r]
Association (TEMA). This standard is intended to supplement the ASME as well as other boiler and pressure vessel codes. The TEMA (1998) standard was prepared by a committee comprising representatives of27 U.S. manufacturing companies, and their combined expertise and experience[r]
1.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATION ON CATALYTIC REACTION IN POROUS PELLETS Before we can derive the differential equation describing the chemical reaction, mass and heat transfer in a porous pellet, we need to consider the general steps through which the reaction proceeds
KNOWN: Diffuse surface ∆ A o , 5-mm square, with total emissive power E o = 4000 W/m 2 . FIND: (a) Rate at which radiant energy is emitted by ∆ A o , q emit ; (b) Intensity I o,e of the radiation field emitted from the surface ∆ A o ; (c) Expression for q emit presuming knowledge of t[r]
Bi cosh mb + mb sinh mb (3.183) q f = kmAθ f Bi sinh mb Bi cosh mb + mb sinh mb (3.184) where Bi = h f b/k, θ f = T f − T ∞ , and h f and T f characterize the convection process at the fin base. Equations (3.176) and (3.177) can be used to find q id and η , but θ b
PROBLEM 13.69 KNOWN: Blackbody simulator design consisting of a heated circular plate with an opening over a well insulated hemispherical cavity. FIND: (a) Radiant power leaving the opening (aperture), D a = r o /2, (b) Effective emissivity of the cavity, ε e , defined as the ratio of th[r]
: Experimental apparatus providing nearly uniform airstream over a flat test plate. Temperature history of the pre-heated plate for airstream velocities of 3 and 9 m/s were fitted to a fourth- order polynomial. : (a) Convection coefficient for the two cases assuming the plate behaves[r]
(b) It is possible that the temperature gradients within the web-rib regions – rather than just the upper surface temperature differentials – might be important for understanding the panel’s response to cooling. Using the Temperature Contours command (with the From start to stop option), we saw[r]
General measuring concepts such as sensitivity, hysteresis, calibration, accuracy, and readability are presented first. Then the discussion turns to statistical concepts such as mean, deviation, standard deviation, normal distribution, Chauvenet’s crite- rion, and the chi-square test, r[r]
2.3 Governing equations In this work, we consider the two-dimensional problem of heat transfer through the fin- surface and condensate-film and the dynamic air-stream according to the (x,y) plane (Fig. 4). The problem of the vapor mass transfer from air[r]
Enhancement of the kinetic of the oxygen reduction reaction compared to PAFC (Qingfeng et al., 2000). 2. Mass transport in polymer electrolyte membranes fuel cells As previously described, a fuel cell is an electrochemical reactor, in which reactants are consumed, and consequen[r]
In this chapter, the developed IBM solvers are applied in solving three-dimensional incompressible thermal flows with curved boundaries. As a standard test case, flow over a stationary heated sphere is first examined, where both Dirichlet and Neumann temperature conditions are considered.[r]
to a more complicated character of formation of the surface tension gradient. The mechanism of the transfer (absorption) of a surfactant at the phase interface is distinct from the mechanism maintaining the temperature at the interface. The interface has inertia, and a convective <[r]