C TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

Electric Power Engineering HandbookSecond EditionEdited byLeonard L. GrigsbyElectric Power Generation, Transmission, and DistributionEdited by Leonard L. GrigsbyElectric Power Transformer Engineering, Second EditionEdited by James H. HarlowElectric Power Substations Engineering, Second[r]

than a quadratic equation. Many of the long-term generating unit costs (e.g., costs attributed directly tostarting and stopping the unit, capital costs associated with financing the construction) can be ignored forthe EDC, since the decision to switch on, or commit, the units has already been[r]

1987). The mix of devices can be determined from load surveys, customer SIC classifications, andtypical compositions of different types of loads (General Electric Company, 1987).13.6 Transmission Device ModelsFor the most part, the elements of the transmission system, including overhead[r]

power system reliability.Until recently, most industry effort and interest has been concentrated on transient (rotor angle)stability. Powerful transient stability simulation programs have been developed that are capable ofmodeling large complex systems using detailed device models. Significant[r]

Instructional SystemEnergy management is the process of monitoring, coordinating, and controlling the generation,transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. The physical plant to be managed includes generatingplants that produce energy fed through transformers to[r]

to hours) (IEEE-CIGRE, 2004). Short-term voltage stability problems are usually associated with therapid response of voltage controllers (e.g., generators’ automatic voltage regulator [AVR]) and powerelectronic converters, such as those encountered in flexible AC transmission system or[r]

ensure system security. Hence, it is important for the operator not only to maintain the state of thesystem within acceptable and secure operating conditions but also to integrate preventive functions.These functions should allow him enough time to optimize his system (reduction of the probab[r]

responses identified areas and topics that needed further development and research. This informationwill be useful in soliciting new research proposals and providing vendors a guide to the features thatneed to be developed and implemented.A literature survey was also condu[r]

aspects of obtaining better Lyapunov function, and determining the least conservative estimate ofthe domain of attraction. Gless (1966) applied Lyapunov’s method to the one machine classical modelsystem. El-Abiad and Nagappan (1966) developed a Lyapunov function for multimachine system[r]

contingency analysis and optimal power flow may be performed. Notice, the state estimation processresults in the state of the system, just as when performing a power flow but without a priori knowledge ofbus injections.19.4 Defining TermsRemote Terminal Unit (RTU)—Hardware that telemeters system[r]

ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.constraint weighting factors, corresponding to the penalty functions associated with the load bus voltagelimits and the branch flow limits, will be reduced successively until a solution is reached. This normallyresults in all constraints being met[r]

It is common practice in the U.S. to trip all three phases for all faults and then reclose the three phasessimultaneously. In Europe, however, for single line-to-ground faults, it is not uncommon to trip only thefaulted phase and then reclose that phase. This practice has some applicat[r]

combined with expectations of benefits of computer relaying kept the field moving. The third IEEEtutorial on microprocessor protection (Sachdev, 1997) lists more then 1100 publications in the areasince 1970. Nearly two thirds of the papers are devoted to developing and comparing algorithms. It[r]

peak values) and can be used in practical applications. A system having smaller inertia causes a higherfrequency of oscillations, which enables faster calculation of the actual rate of change of frequency.However, it causes faster rate of change of frequency and consequently, a larger[r]

the time of trip as well as historical information on the individual transformer, so an informed decisioncan be made concerning the transformer’s status. No one should re-energize a transformer when there isevidence of electrical failure.It is always possible that a transformer could be incorrectly[r]

mandatory for the controller to provide a stabilizing influence.ß 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.2. The input signal should have as little sensitiv it y as possible to other sw ing modes on the powersystem. For example, for a transmission-line dev ice, the control action w ill ben[r]

distribution, and characteristics of the connected loads as well as the location and amount ofconnected generation. These all have a great deal of uncertainty. If the actual system load is higherthan planned, the generation output will be higher, the system will be more stressed[r]

that could have devastating affects. One example resulted in the loss of eight generators, thirteen 161 kVlines, and three 500-kV lines. The reason for the extensive loss was the result of burning oil that driftedup into adjacent busses steel causing multiple bus and line faults that d[r]

corporate and engineering functions provides access to power system information and data whileisolating the SCADA server from nonoperations personnel.22.2.8 Host to Field CommunicationsThere are many communication mediums available to distribution SCADA for host=remote commu-nic[r]

PB-Nr: M04 Documentation Issued by Date of release version Page Hr. Bauer / Ing. Mathe 00 1/3 Process owner: Hr. Bauer / Ing. Mathe Process purpose and target: Effective and norm-corresponding documentation of the Management system and Management notes Interfaces Supplier:[r]