RECENT ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING THE LINK BETWEEN AUTOPHAGIC CELL DEATH PATHWAYS AND TUMOR DEVELOPME...

Recent advances have highlighted the importance of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cell death processes. Pharmacological interventions that effectively enhance tumor cell death through activating ER stress have attracted a great deal of attention for anti-cancer therapy.

In vivo tumor experiments
Eight week old male Balb/c Nu/Nu mice were purchased from Massachusetts General Hospital and housed in the Animal Resource at Children’s Hospital (ARCH) facility accredited by the American Association for Accreditation of Laborato[r]

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a frequent pediatric tumor associated with poor prognosis. The disregulation of Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein, is crucial for the tumoral development and chemoresistance. Autophagy is also implicated in tumor cell survival and chemoresistance.

The Arabidopsis AtMYB80 transcription factor regulates genes involved in pollen development and controls the timing of tapetal programmed cell death (PCD). Downregulation of AtMYB80 expression precedes tapetal degradation.

Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), named for its involvement in cell death pathways, is a mitochondrial protein that regulates metabolic homeostasis. In addition to supporting the survival of healthy cells, AIF also plays a contributory role to the development of cancer through its enzymatic activity,[r]

Cancer therapies that kill cancer cells without affecting normal cells is the ultimate mode of treating cancers. The VP3, an avian virus-derived protein, can specifically initiate cell death through several signal transduction pathways leading to apoptosis. In cancer, chemoresistance and cell surviv[r]

It has become evident that intra-tumor heterogeneity of breast cancer impact on several biological processes such as proliferation, migration, cell death and also might contribute to chemotherapy resistance. The expression of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) has not been analyzed in the context of i[r]

Small GTPases are monomeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. In plants, ROPs regulate plant cell polarity, plant cell differentiation and development as well as biotic and abiotic stress signaling pathways.

The extracellular matrix (ECM), one of the key components of tumor microenvironment, has a tremendous impact on cancer development and highly influences tumor cell features. ECM affects vital cellular functions such as cell differentiation, migration, survival and proliferation. Gene and protein exp[r]

Results
ZFP36-mediated RIP1 stabilization depends on IAPs degradation and correlates with increased cell death Experimental evidences demonstrate that ZFP36 triggers the degradation of XIAP and cIAP2 mRNAs, which carry AU-rich elements in their 3′UTR [4, 1[r]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common cancer and a leading cause of death worldwide. Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins regulate tumor growth and development in CRC. Elastin (ELN) is a component of ECM proteins involved in the tumor microenvironment. However, the role of ELN in CRC remains unc[r]

The circadian clock and cell cycle are two global regulatory systems that have pervasive behavioral and physiological effects on eukaryotic cells, and both play a role in cancer development. Recent studies have indicated that the circadian and cell cycle regulator, TIMELESS, may serve as a molecular[r]

Aberrant expression of miR-224 is associated with tumor development and progression. This study investigated the role of miR-224 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) ex vivo and in vitro.

Rebiopsy is highly recommended to identify the mechanism of acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in advanced lung cancer. Recent advances in multiplex genotyping based on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) provide a strong and non-invasive alternative for detection of the resistance mechanism.

Conclusion
Many signal-transducing proteins have multiple phos- phorylation sites, each of which induces different downstream signaling reactions through a close rela- tionship between protein modification sites and confor- mations. Cellular kinases ⁄ phosphatases affect a wide variet[r]

With the rapid development of deep sequencing techniques in the recent years, enhancers have been systematically identified in such projects as FANTOM and ENCODE, forming genome-wide landscapes in a series of human cell lines.

2.3.1. Low temperature
Cryogenic conditions are by far the most used sample environments principally to reduce vibrations and thermal motions of atoms, thus the structural refinement is improved. Moreover, phenomena like phase transitions are also generally induced at low t[r]

sociology must help guard against the premature or inappropriate application stem cell therapies, and the inappropriate use of vulnerable population groups. On the other hand, these therapies offer important new strategies for the tre[r]

immune responses to cells and tissues that are incor- rectly differentiated, or from haematopoietic cells that overgrow during the third larval instar stage [26,27]. To further define the silencing efficiency of the RNAi constructs, total RNA was isolated from 46282 - silen[r]

Towards discovering robust cancer biomarkers, it is imperative to unravel the cellular heterogeneity of patient samples and comprehend the interactions between cancer cells and the various cell types in the tumor microenvironment.