N N d U E N N U N U d (91) where N ik is the shape function of node i in element k, N jl is the shape function of node j in element l, U j is the value of the variable chosen to be used as error indicator at node j, E i is the error indicator value at node i, and
These two factors taken together are called the pressure gradient force (PGF). To illustrate, in the case of a pressure gradient of 10 mb between two locations set 1,000 kilometers apart, the pressure gradient force is 10mb/1,000km, or 0.01mb/km. On the other hand, a pressure differenc[r]
Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 07 – finance mechanisms and incentives for photovoltaic technologies in developing countries Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 07 – finance mechanisms and incentives for photovoltaic technologies in developing countries Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 07[r]
Volume 5 biomass and biofuel production 5 15 – potential for yield improvement Volume 5 biomass and biofuel production 5 15 – potential for yield improvement Volume 5 biomass and biofuel production 5 15 – potential for yield improvement Volume 5 biomass and biofuel production 5 15 – potential for yi[r]
The adhesion theory of wear is based on the assumption that a similar welding action occurs between a limited number of asperities and that the welds are ruptured when the solids slide one relative to the other. 54 The actual process of formation of wear particle[r]
Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 05 – historical and future cost dynamics of photovoltaic technology Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 05 – historical and future cost dynamics of photovoltaic technology Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 05 – historical and future cost dynamics of photovolt[r]
Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 26 – down shifting of the incident light for photovoltaic applications Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 26 – down shifting of the incident light for photovoltaic applications Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 26 – down shifting of the incident light for ph[r]
8.8 Classification Problem Extensions In this section we survey a few extensions to the classical classification problem. In classic supervised learning problems, classes are mutually exclusive by defi- nition. In multi-label classification problems each training instance is given a set of cand[r]
First, a fracture surface should be preserved as soon as possible following the failure to prevent environmental attack, such as corrosion or oxidation. Ideally, the fracture and surrounding surfaces should be dried with air and stored in a dry environment. At a minimum, the fracture a[r]
3.3 Density For the description of the density and the volumetric weight of a soil, the densities of the various components are needed. The density of a substance is the mass per unit volume of that substance. For water this is denot[r]
Automated breast volume scanner (ABVS) and US elastography (UE) have been useful for the differentiation of benign and malignant lesions. However, combining these two methods applied in diagnosis of breast lesions has not yet been reported.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Since the initial planning for this monograph in mid-1976, a number of individuals have made significant contributions to its development. Twenty epidemiologists and statisticians participated in an IARC-sponsored workshop on the[r]
Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 16 – crystalline silicon solar cells state of the art and future developments Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 16 – crystalline silicon solar cells state of the art and future developments Volume 1 photovoltaic solar energy 1 16 – crystalline silicon solar ce[r]
Volume 5 biomass and biofuel production 5 12 – intensification of biofuel production Volume 5 biomass and biofuel production 5 12 – intensification of biofuel production Volume 5 biomass and biofuel production 5 12 – intensification of biofuel production Volume 5 biomass and biofuel production 5 12[r]
Correspondence should be addressed to Rabian Wangkeeree, rabianw@nu.ac.th Received 23 June 2010; Accepted 13 August 2010 Academic Editor: A. T. M. Lau Copyright q 2010 R. Wangkeeree and U. Kamraksa. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,[r]
Whenever two solids are brought together, they touch first where hills on one contact the surface of the other. As the hills flatten, contact areas grow and the pressure falls until it becomes too low to cause further deformation. Contact is thus limited to a relatively small area, [r]