REGULATION OF CALVARIAL BONE GROWTH BY MOLECULES INVOLVED IN THE CRANIOSYNOSTOSES

Italy
1. Introduction
Bone tissue represents a specialized connective tissue, comprising metabolically active cells within a mineralized extracellular matrix, that are vital to the performance of its structural, mechanical and metabolic roles (Milat & Ng, 2009). The[r]

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), elevated in tumor cells, catalyzes the first reaction in the pentose-phosphate pathway. The regulation mechanism of G6PD and pathological change in human melanoma growth remains unknown.

The vertebrate neural crest is characterized by a high degree of multipotentiality and migratory ability. These cells originate at the border between neural and non- neural ectoderm as the neural tube closes to form the central nervous system. Initially resi[r]

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are crucially involved in the regulation of multiple stages of cancer progression. Elevated MMP levels have been associated with the development of metastases and poor prognosis in several types of cancer. However, the role of MMPs in osteosarcoma and their prognosti[r]

OPCML belongs to the IgLON family of Ig domain–containing GPI-anchored cell adhesion molecules and was recently found to be involved in carcinogenesis, while its role in gastric cancer remains unclear.

28 FIGURE 1.7 Approximate duration and location of hematopoietic activity in different tissues during zebrafish embryogenesis 35 FIGURE 1.8 A model for the events and molecules involved [r]

Cholangiocarcinoma is characterized by late diagnosis and a poor survival rate. MicroRNAs have been involved in the pathogenesis of different cancer types, including cholangiocarcinoma. Our aim was to identify novel microRNAs regulating cholangiocarcinoma cell growth in vitro and in vivo.

Hypoxic-ischemic injury is thought to play a significant role in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Nitric Oxide (NO) is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the gut and is involved in regulation of mucosal blood flow and maintenance of mucosal integrity.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with chronic inflammation, suggesting the metabolic abnormalities are originated from or exacerbated by cytokine overproduction. Cytokines and counter-regulatory molecules are crucial in keeping the balance of immune responses and, therefore, are potenti[r]

Currently, studies regarding the association between IDO and viral infection in tissue samples have rarely been attempted. In our study, IDO expression in EBV- or HIV-associated HL was considerably high. This find- ing merits some interpretation regarding the known[r]

Discussion
Angiogenesis is an essential process required for the growth and metastatic ability of solid tumors. Tumor angiogenesis
is the proliferation of a network of blood vessels penetrating into the cancerous growths to supply nutrients and ox[r]

1997 ). Inhibitory Smads can compete with R-Smads for receptor binding and Co-Smad heterodimerisation, thus blocking Smad-mediated signaling (Hata et al.
1998 ; Hayashi et al. 1997 ; Nakao et al. 1997a ). Consistent with other members of the TGF- b superfamily, myostat[r]

An assessment of hypermethylation in primary cancer cells and cell lines has revealed that DAPK is not glob- ally methylated in all cancers. Indeed, reports indicate that the promoter of DAPK is unmethylated in T cell malignancies such as T acute lymphoblastic leuk[r]

The ‘new or modern’ biotechnology that emerged in the 1970s is (Lilly, 1997) “the application of scientific and engineering principles to the processing of materials by biological agents to provide goods and services.” Its methods use microbi[r]

desA alone, because of a polar effect of the desA gene replacement on expression of the downstream des genes. The transcription pattern of the
desABCD cluster in S. coelicolor showed that all four genes were coordi- nately induced unde[r]

Most patients with metastatic disease and certainly all who have bone involvement should receive concurrent bisphosphonates. Since the goal of therapy is to maintain well-being for as long as possible, emphasis should be placed on avoiding the[r]

Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of cutaneous malignant melanoma is critical for improved diagnosis and treatment. Keratinocytic nuclear receptor Retinoid X Receptor α (RXRα) has a protective role against melanomagenesis and is involved in the regulation of[r]

In plants, the growth of an aerial organ to its characteristic size relies on the coordination of cell proliferation and expansion. These two different processes occur successively during organ development, with a period of overlap.

Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are complex molecules which play a role in the invasion and growth and metastatic properties of cancerous cells.

Alterations in the redox balance are involved in the origin, promotion and progression of cancer. Inter-individual differences in the oxidative stress regulation can explain a part of the variability in cancer susceptibility.