messages that say so. Whilst a host will simply choose one of these as its default gateway and send all packets to that one router, routers need to make an informed choice about where to send a packet. To make this choice, a router will consult its routing tables (Figur[r]
However, circuit switching is efficient for data traffic, since in such cases the circuit will be idle most of the time. Packet switching solves this problem by routing packets between the communicating parties with each packet following a possibly different path. Each packet carr[r]
Energy efficiency is one of the key requirements in many WSN applications. This is partic- ularly crucial for WSN deployed in inaccessible or disaster environments in which battery recharging and replacement is not a viable option. Thus, in this chapter we f[r]
concepts and reasonably organize them is a big challenge. Some related work has been done mainly in applying ontology technology to the mobile service domain. Based on the need for a standardized ontology that describes semantic models of the domains relevant for sca[r]
The purposes of this study are: To develop store personality measurement scale tailor-made for household and electronics store chains in Vietnam, an Asian transitional economy and to examine the degree of influence of each store personality dimensions on store loyalty.
7.3 Future Prospects 317 a reluctance to think of genuinely new ways of doing things. In addition, the existence of such giants and their established user communities implies that the cost and risk of developing new system concepts are just not worthwhile.[r]
areas in which a great research effort is being made (see Chapter 9). The new framework of mobile computing can profit from some new proposals on those topics. However, specific problems related to this new framework must be taken into consideration. Some problems are intrinsi[r]
- Work in pairs to discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of using each alternative source of energy and the use of alternative sources of energy in the futur[r]
5. NUMERICAL AND SIMULATION RESULTS In the current setup, 100 nodes are deployed with uniform distribution in a square area of 100 square units. We use the Bellman-Ford routing algorithm to obtain the spanning tree, as in [2, 6, 7], considering the sink node as t[r]
1. Introduction Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most complex and devastating medical conditions. Its worldwide incidence ranges from 11 to 112 per 100,000 Population (Blumer & Quine, 1995; DeVivo, 1997). SCI leads to different degrees of dysfunction of the lower u[r]
Also, there is constraint on packet loss for IP telephony traffic [18]. It is the operator’s choice how to design the network considering the IP telephony. Some value ranges for UMTS bearer service attributes may be found in [18]. Wireless IP networks should include a[r]
Chapter 7 - Networks: Mobile business. The goals of this chapter are: Explain the five different networking elements creating a connected world, identify the benefits and challenges of a connected world, describe the different wireless network categories, explain the different wireless network busin[r]
In the fifth paper, titled “Extending the lifetime of sen- sor networks through adaptive reclustering,” G. Ferrari and M. Martal `o propose an adaptive reclustering algorithm that leads to considerable improvements in terms of the lifetime of the network. Th[r]
6.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of multicarrier modulation, which splits the message to be transmitted into a number of parts. The available spectrum is also split into a large nu[r]
In this paper, we explore the energy conservation of- fered by directional communications for providing long- lived broadcasting/multicasting in wireless ad hoc networks. Our focus is on establishing source-initiated multicast trees to maximize network operating ti[r]
Chapter 7 - Networks: Mobile business. The goals of this chapter are: Explain the five different networking elements creating a connected world, identify the benefits and challenges of a connected world, describe the different wireless network categories, explain the different wireless network busin[r]
case, for example, of remote monitoring of natural events, such as landslides, earthquakes, and so forth [ 5 , 19 ]. One of the newest standards for wireless sensor networks, with significant power savings, has been called Zigbee [ 20 ]. More precisely, the Zigbee[r]
While some network providers may own resources only at one or two neighboring layers, some large network providers own all of the layers. For the latter, it is essential to address the design of multi-layer networks. Consider the network example depicted in Figure 2.12.[r]
3. Power Line Communication (PLC) Many studies are carried out on in-vehicle PLC and focus both on channels, impulsive noises, drivers and protocols. The in-vehicle networks have reduced the number of wires, allowing communication between different typologies of