TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER

The Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, popularly known as the TD Book, is a standard reference for utility engineers, and many colleges have adopted it as a basic textbook. Since its first appearance as a Westinghouse Electric Company publication, three generations of power eng[r]

Instructional SystemEnergy management is the process of monitoring, coordinating, and controlling the generation,transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. The physical plant to be managed includes generatingplants that produce energy fed through t[r]

Electric Power Engineering HandbookSecond EditionEdited byLeonard L. GrigsbyElectric Power Generation, Transmission, and DistributionEdited by Leonard L. GrigsbyElectric Power Transformer Engineering, Second EditionEdited by James H. HarlowElectric Power<[r]

than a quadratic equation. Many of the long-term generating unit costs (e.g., costs attributed directly tostarting and stopping the unit, capital costs associated with financing the construction) can be ignored forthe EDC, since the decision to switch on, or commit, the units has alread[r]

second-harmonic-restrained transformer differential relays, but decreased sensitivity. Sudden gas pres-sure relays could provide the necessary alternative internal fault tripping. Another effect is increasedstray heating in the transformer, protection for which can be accomplished using gas accumula[r]

15.1 Definitions and Historical PerspectivePower system security in the context of this chapter is concerned w ith the technical performance andquality of service when a disturbance causes a change in system conditions. Strictly speaking , every smallchange in load is a disturban[r]

16.5.3 DDSPSO CountermeasureExtensive testing was performed to determine natural modal frequencies for the turbine-generator, thecomponents of armature current, and the arc furnace and SVC stimulus. Once the root cause of theproblem was determined, it was a simple matter[r]

AutomaticvoltageregulatorFIGURE 13.4 Excitation system model structure.ß 2006 by Taylor &amp; Francis Group, LLC.The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) provides for control of the terminal voltage of the generatorby changing the generator field voltage. There are a variety of[r]

duplicated or voting logic are common [15].Response-based discontinuous controls are often less expensive than event-based controls becausefewer sensors and communications paths are needed. These controls are often ‘‘one-shot’’ controls,initiating a single set of switching actions. For[r]

Papalexopoulos (1996) offers some of the requirements that need to be met so that OPF applications areuseful to, and usable by, the dispatchers in online applications.20.5.1 Speed RequirementsFast OPF programs designed for online application are needed because under normal conditions,[r]

One way to deal with this problem is the concept of the probability of occurrence (contingencies) inthe early stage of security analysis. This can be jointly used with a statistical approach (Schlumbergeret al., 1999) that allows the generation of appropriate scenarios in[r]

aspects of obtaining better Lyapunov function, and determining the least conservative estimate ofthe domain of attraction. Gless (1966) applied Lyapunov’s method to the one machine classical modelsystem. El-Abiad and Nagappan (1966) developed a Lyapunov function for multi[r]

f(v)FIGURE 19.1 Normal probability distribution curve with a mean of m.1In practice, measurements i and j are not necessarily independent since one measurement device may measuremore than one value. Therefore, if the measurement device is bad, probably both measurements i and[r]

part of the CB, it becomes a natural zone boundary. When the CT is not an integral part of the CB,special attention must be paid to the fault detection and fault interruption logic. The CTs still define thezone of protection, but a communication channel must be used to imp[r]

j4ÀrðÞruþ xc,NþrÀ xc,rðÞej8ÀrðÞuhi(5:18)With a carefully chosen sampling rate—such as a multiple of three times the nominal power systemfrequency—very efficient symmetrical component calculations can be performed in real time. Equationssimilar to (5.18) hold for negative and zero[r]

peak values) and can be used in practical applications. A system having smaller inertia causes a higherfrequency of oscillations, which enables faster calculation of the actual rate of change of frequency.However, it causes faster rate of change of fr[r]

phenomena can readily be seen on oscillograms. Action taken might be to look for defective insulatorsor lengthen the reclose cycle.The amount of ‘‘dead time’’ is critical to successful reclosures. For example, at 161 kV a study wasmade to determine the amount of dead time required to d[r]

windage losses could occur. From the preceding discussion, one may conclude that the anti-motoringprotection is more of a prime-mover protection than a generator protection.The most obvious means of detecting motoring is to monitor the flow of real power into thegenerator.[r]

high-order dynamic system without having to know the roots of its equations (Maxwell analyzed onlya second-order system).Oscillations among generators appeared as soon as AC generators were operated in parallel. Theseoscillations were not unexpected, and in fact, were predicted from th[r]

can change dispatch or curtail load when reactive overloads are modest. To be most useful, reactiveoverload capability must be defined in advance, operators trained in its use, and protective devices set soas not to prevent its use.ReferencesCan˜izares, C.A., editor. Voltage Stability Assessme[r]